Kawase H (2002) Simplicity and diversity in the reproductive ecology of triggerfish (Balistidae) and filefish (Monacanthidae). Ishihara M, Kuwamura T (1996) Bigamy or monogamy with maternal egg care in the triggerfish, Sufflamen chrysopterus. Hourigan TF (1989) Environmental determinants of butterflyfish social systems. Hiatt RW, Strasburg DW (1960) Ecological relationships of the fish fauna on coral reefs of the Marshall Islands. Harmelin-Vivien ML (1989) Implications of feeding specialization on the recruitment processes and community structure of butterflyfishes. J Fac Fish Anim Husb, Hiroshima Univ 15:47–56 Gushima K, Murakami Y (1976) The reef fish fauna of Kuchierabu, offshore Island of southern Japan. J Fac Appl Biol Sci, Hiroshima Univ 20:35–63 Gushima K (1981) Study on the feeding ecology of reef fishes in Kuchierabu Island. Gladstone W (1987) The courtship and spawning behaviors of Canthigaster valentini (Tetraodontidae). Environ Biol Fish 26:295–302ĭonaldson TJ (1990) Reproductive behavior and social organization of some Pacific hawkfishes (Cirrhitidae). Bull Mar Sci 41:531–540ĭonaldson TJ (1989) Facultative monogamy in obligate coral-dwelling hawkfishes (Cirrhitidae). Jpn J Ichthyol 33:329–333ĭonaldson TJ (1987) Social organization and reproductive behavior of the hawkfish Cirrhitichthys falco (Cirrhitidae). Natl Geogr Res Expl 7:138–155ĭonaldson TJ (1986) Courtship and spawning of the hawkfish Cirrhitichthys falco at Miyake-jima, Japan.
Environ Biol Fish 66:249–258Ĭlark E, Pohle M, Rabin J (1991) Stability and flexibility through community dynamics of the spotted sandperch. J Fish Biol 33:213–219Ĭarvalho N, Afonso P, Santos RS (2003) The haremic mating system and mate choice in the wide-eyed flounder, Bothus podas. Environ Biol Fish 22:101–116īaird TA, Liley NR (1989) The evolutionary significance of harem polygyny in the sand tilefish, Malacanthus plumieri: resource or female defence? Anim Behav 38:817–829īellwood DR (1988) Ontogenetic changes in the diet of early post-settlement Scarus species (Pisces: Scaridae). Together, these results suggest that female territoriality plays an important role in defending food resources.īaird TA (1988) Female and male territoriality and mating system of the sand tilefish, Malacanthus plumier.
In contrast, all other size classes fed primarily on decapods. Stomach contents analysis revealed that the smallest size class of C. In contrast, small juveniles were allowed to cohabit within the territory of an adult female. Large juveniles maintained independent home ranges outside the female territories. Based on our observations, we classified the harem type of C. The territory of each male encompassed the territories of 2–3 females, allowing the male to completely monopolize mating opportunities with those females. Each individual maintained a territorial home range which was defended against same-sex conspecifics at the boundary of the home range.
We investigated the territoriality and the spatial and mating relationships of the haremic hawkfish, Cirrhitichthys falco, on a reef off Kuchierabu-jima Island in southern Japan.